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Salem

Recent Coastal Resilience Projects

Winter Island Park Pathway and Bank Restoration (FY27-28 – CZM Funding)

Want to learn more about the project?

Explore the Winter Island Park StoryMap and pamphlet to learn more about the Park, the challenges it faces, the community input that shaped the project, and the vision for its future.

Winter Island Park is one of Salem’s most distinctive coastal landscapes, but years of erosion and heavy pedestrian use have taken a toll on its coastal banks and pathways. The design phase of the Winter Island Park Pathway and Bank Restoration Project is now complete, and the City of Salem has been approved for funding to move forward with implementation.

Community input played an important role in the design process. Through public engagement, community members shared how they use and experience the Park, and that input was incorporated into the final design. The project uses nature-based solutions to stabilize the shoreline, improve pedestrian access and public safety, restore native vegetation, and protect the Park’s historic and archaeological resources.

Implementation will stabilize approximately 690 linear feet of critically eroding shoreline, including sections of Waikiki Beach, Fort Pickering, and the parking lot edge. The project will remove invasive vegetation and install fiber lift arrays and native vegetation to provide storm damage protection and erosion control while supporting ecological restoration of the coastal bank.

Resilient Together: Collins Cove Park Neighborhood (FY25-26 – CZM Funding)

Take a Closer Look

Explore the completed project, concept designs, and community engagement results in the StoryMap to learn more about the vision for a more resilient Collins Cove.

As climate change brings more frequent coastal storms, heavier rainfall, and rising sea levels, neighborhoods like Collins Cove face increasing risks from flooding. The Resilient Together: Collins Cove Park Neighborhood project brought together residents, the City of Salem, Salem Sound Coastwatch, and technical experts to envision a more resilient future for this waterfront community.

Building on the Collins Cove to Willows Resilience Study (MVP Action Grant FY23), the project developed preliminary designs and nature-based solutions to reduce inland and coastal flood risk while enhancing Collins Cove Park as a vibrant public space. Through a robust community engagement process—including public meetings, neighborhood walks, surveys, public input, and conversations with residents—the project documented local experiences with flooding and incorporated community priorities into the planning process.

The resulting concept plan includes recommendations for green infrastructure, improved stormwater management, restored natural features, enhanced public spaces, and other strategies that will help the neighborhood adapt to sea level rise and more frequent storm events.

What’s Next

The planning phase is complete, and Salem Sound Coastwatch and the City of Salem are exploring funding opportunities and partnerships to help advance the project’s recommendations. We look forward to continuing to work with the community as opportunities for implementation emerge.

Preserving History: Assessments and Climate Adaptations at the House of the Seven Gables
(FY23-FY24 CZM Coastal Resilience Funding)

Salem Sound Coastwatch is working with The Gables, Union Studios, Collins Engineers, and Horsley Witten Group to gather site data, assess buildings and site, conduct short-term and near-term maintenance modifications and recommend longer-term adaptation strategies. Peer-to-peer and public outreach is once again an important aspect of this project. Lessons learned will be shared at the Preservation in a Changing Climate Conference.

Preservation in a Changing Climate Conference

Salem Sound Coastwatch, the City of Salem and the Salem Preservation Partners hold annual conferences in September at the Peabody Essex Museum to raise awareness of climate change impacts on historic buildings, landscapes and neighborhoods and share adaptation strategies. 

Preservation in a Changing Climate →

Collins Cove to Willows Resilience Study (FY23 – MVP funding)

Salem Sound Coastwatch is working with City of Salem and AECOM to assess vulnerability and risk to coastal and inland flooding in the study area that focuses on city-owned property including roadway/right-of-way infrastructure, linear parks/bike paths, Collins Cove Park, Collins Cove Beach, Memorial Park, Salem Willows Park, and Winter Island Park. A coastal flood and stormwater simulation model has been developed with community input, storm observations on December 23, 2022, city infrastructure, and predictive models of future sea level rise and increased storms. A Resilient Coastal Parks Toolkit is being developed along with potential adaptation strategies to lessen flooding and improve emergency access during storm events.

The first Public Community Meeting was held in person on November 29th, 2022, and two more have been held since. Click on the video to the left to view the most recent meeting.

Collins Cove to Willows Resilience Study →

Resilient Together: The Point – Preservemos El Punto, ¡Todos juntos!
(2022 – ongoing CZM Coastal Resilience funding)

A deep dive model of the Point neighborhood’s current and future climate risks continues with robust multilingual community outreach and engagement process. The goal is to better understand the climate risks and possible adaptation and mitigation solutions for this neighborhood, which includes Palmer Cove and the South River. Neighborhood input is valued to help guide considerations and solutions to address shoreline defense and heat.

*Keep the water out *Live with water *Relocate critical assets
*Heat relief – Cooling centers, green spaces *Heat mitigation – adapt buildings and open spaces to reflect heat

Setting the Stage for Actions - Salem

Salem Sound Coastwatch has worked with the City of Salem on the following climate assessments:  

Climate Vulnerability Assessment and Adaptation Plan (2014) – completed by CDM Smith with SSCW staff serving on the City’s working group.

Salem Municipal Vulnerability Preparedness (MVP) Report and MVP Risk Matrix (2020) –completed by Salem’s MVP core team with guidance from SSCW staff, identifies Salem’s top four climate-related hazards of concern, the City’s existing and future strengthens and vulnerabilities amid prioritizes actions.

Mapping Future Flooding Risks for Salem (10/26/2020)     

Salem Sound Coastwatch with the Salem Maritime Historic Site National Park Service sponsorship asked Woods Hole Group to explain the Massachusetts Coast Flood Risk Model (MC-FRM) for Salem. Detailed coastal flood modeling and mapping under changing climatic conditions (present, 2030, 2050, 2070) were commissioned by the Massachusetts Coastal Zone Management for all coastal communities. Learn how the risk probability maps were created and how to interpret them.

Seven areas in Salem have been identified as high risk for increased flooding based on sea level rise and storms predictions: 

Derby Wharf - Resiliency on Salem's Maritime Waterfront (9/9/2021)     

Paul DePrey, National Park Service Superintendent of Salem Maritime & Saugus Iron Works National Historic Sites, shared the history of Derby Wharf, its degradation from coastal storms, and plans for rebuilding the wharf to prolong its existence given increasing storms and sea level rise.

Superintendent Paul DePrey of the National Park Service Salem Maritime National Historic Site shares Derby Wharf’s history and how it can be protected and rehabilitated given the current and future climate threats of sea level rise and storms.

History of Collins Cove: 1700’s to Present

To understand where we are now and how the future will affect us, it is often important to understand the geology and past landscape transformations. This recorded presentation by Sally McMurry (02/01/23) gives a shoreline change and historical tour with maps and photos exploring Collins Cove role in Salem’s development, which includes fishing, tanneries, rope walks, freight train, poor farm, and now recreation.

Bluefish (Pomatomus saltatrix)

Also known as tailor or snapper elves, blue fish are blue and silver fish with very sharp teeth. Bluefish are schooling fish who feed on the surface of schools of bait fish. Despite their predatorial nature, bluefish are hunted by tuna, sharks, seals, and porpoises. In Massachusetts, bluefish inhabit inshore water from spring to fall before migrating south and offshore in the cooler months. 

Lion's Mane Jellyfish (Cyanea capillata)

Photo by John Tlumacki

Lion’s mane jellyfish are one of the largest varieties of jellyfish, named for its long mane of brown to reddish tentacles that can reach up to 3 m in length. The nematocysts on the lion’s mane jelly are especially powerful and are used to help catch its prey—though its sting can be painful to humans as well! Lion’s mane jellies are also continual swimmers and, when aided by favorable currents, can travel significant distances. 

Atlantic Striped Bass (Morone saxatilis)

Photo by Alex Shure

The Atlantic striped bass is identifiable by its seven to eight horizontal stripes. They can grow up to 5 feet in length, with females generally growing larger than males. Though many Atlantic striped bass live in the ocean, migrating north and south seasonally, they return to freshwater in the spring to spawn. 

Common Moon Jellyfish (Aurelia aurita)

Photo by Sue Scott

Moon jellyfish are almost entirely translucent and feed on medusae, plankton, and mollusks. While they do have short tentacles, their sting has little to no effect on humans as their nematocysts—their stinging cells—are too weak to affect human skin. 

Harbor Seal (Phoca vitulina)

Photo by Amanda Boyd

Also known as the common seal, harbor seals are the most widely distributed pinniped species. When they are not traveling or foraging, harbor seals rest on rocks and beaches to regulate their body temperature, care for their pups, and interact with other seals. They also haul out of the water to avoid predators. In addition to natural predators, harbor seals are threatened by human actions, including habitat degradation, contamination, vessel collisions, and marine entanglement.  

Rockweed (Ascophyllum nodosum)

Photo by Kare Telnes

Rockweed is a species of brown algae that grows on hard surfaces, including dock pilings, rocks, and shells. In addition to providing sheltered habitat and serving as a food source for other species, rockweed also helps to regulate dissolved CO2. This process assists in managing water quality. 

Eelgrass (Zostera marina)

Eelgrass provides a range of ecosystem functions, including improving water quality, storing carbon, preventing erosion, and providing habitat and shelter for other marine life. Degradation to eelgrass beds has primarily occurred due to development, dredging, and pollution, but efforts are currently being undertaken to restore eelgrass populations to Salem Sound. 

Atlantic Horseshoe Crab (Limulus polyphemus)

Photo by Tracy Barbaro

Despite their name, horseshoe crabs are not actually crabs! They are actually arthropods and are more closely related to spiders or scorpions. Horseshoe crabs have a range of suitable habitats depending on what point they are in their life cycle, with mature adults generally residing up to the edge of the continental shelf unless mating. Horseshoe crabs are also known for their use in the biomedical industry, as their blood is used to test equipment and supplies for bacteria. Likewise, the species is regarded to be particularly vulnerable to climate change regarding temperature, acidification, and sea-level rise. 

Atlantic Sea Scallop (Placopecten magellanicus)

Photo by NOAA Fisheries

Atlantic sea scallops are generally found at depths of 18 to 110 m and often aggregate in beds on firm sand, rock, and shells. They are one of the most commercially important fishery species, with Massachusetts being one of the primary harvesters. Scallops feed on phytoplankton and small organisms, helping to improve water quality through filtration. 

American Lobster (Homarus americanus)

Photo by Oceana

The American lobster is the largest species of lobster which lives on the sea floor in habitats that provide shelter such as seagrass beds, reefs, and mud. These lobsters support some of the most valuable fisheries on the Atlantic coast, however their population faces challenges due to environmental changes, particularly regarding temperature. 

Razor Clam (Ensis leei)

Photo by David S. Johnson

The razor clam is easy to identify due to its long thin shell. This shape paired with their strong muscular foot makes the razor clam an especially mobile bivalve species who can burrow very deep into the sand. The motion used to burrow also allows razor clams to swim or jump through the water to escape from predators, or to find more suitable conditions. Despite their mobility, razor clams often inhabit nearshore areas, which makes them susceptible to pollutant contamination. 

Northern Moon Snail (Euspira heros)

Photo by Alex Shure

Moon snails are highly predatory snails who can grow to about 10 cm long and who are identifiable by smooth shells marked with a whorl. They are known to hunt slower mollusks, drilling a round hole into the shell of their prey. When moon snails reproduce, females burrow beneath the surface of the sand, coats her foot in a layer of mucus to bind together the sand and eggs, and leaves behind a “sand collar” which can sometimes be spotted on the beach. 

Northern Quahog (Mercenaria mercenaria)

Photo by Julie Rose

The quahog is a hard-shelled clam found along the coast from Canada to Florida who has a rich historical connection with Indigenous coastal communities. Today, quahogs are harvested both commercially and recreationally for the fishing industry, though they can only support low levels of fishing. Like other bivalves, quahogs are filter-feeders who remove excess nutrients and improve water quality.

American Oystercatchers (Haematopus palliatus)

Photo by Rob Sabatini

The American oystercatcher is a large shorebird who feeds on marine invertebrates. While they are not a common species along Massachusetts’ coasts, their population is increasing as their habitat range expands due to climate change and habitat availability, though is also speculated that these shorebirds are re-occupying habitat lost during European colonization rather than newly expanding their range. Like many other coastal birds, the American oystercatcher is threatened by habitat loss due to climate change and development, and has been designated as a Species of High Conservation Concern.

Piping Plover (Charadrius melodus)

Photo by Lorraine Minns

Massachusetts is a breeding hub for these iconic birds who are threatened both federally and statewide. Nesting on beaches and dunes, they experience threats due to development, human disturbances, predators, and stormtides, all of which decrease suitable habitat or curtail breeding success. Though the piping plover is protected under the Endangered Species Act, rising sea-levels and storm events driven by climate change continue to be a threat to plover populations. 

Blue Mussel (Mytilus edulis)

Photo by Dr. Keith Hiscock

The blue mussel often grows on docks, buoys, and pilings throughout New England. Blue mussel shells are teardrop shaped, and range in colors from black, dark blue, and brown. Mussels are an important species for maintaining water quality as they remove excess nutrients from the water, however they are also likely to be impacted by ocean acidification due to climate change. 

Plumose Anemone (Metridium senile)

Photo by Paul Newland

Also referred to as “fluffy” or “frilled” anemones, this species is found throughout New England, attached to hard surfaces. M. senile catches small organisms floating past, consuming copepods and various larvae. This type of sea anemone is also a protandric hermaphrodite, meaning it begins its life as a male and changes to female as it matures. 

Green Sea Urchin (Strongylocentrotus droebachiensis)

Photo by Robert Bachand

Green sea urchins are named for their green outer shell and usually do not grow larger than 8 cm. Spines on their exoskeletons help to protect against predators, such as crustaceans, seagulls, and certain fish. Generally, urchins hunt at night for algae, marine worms, and kelp, so you’re unlikely to see them out in the daylight! 

Atlantic Rock Crab (Cancer irroratus)

Photo by Robert Bachand

Atlantic rock crabs are native to New England and can be identified by their reddish-brown to light purple color, as well as the presence of nine smooth spines. Rock crabs are known as opportunistic feeders, eating an assortment of food sources depending on what’s available to them. This can include algae, mussels, and other crustaceans. While at one point, rock crabs were seen as a nuisance to fishers—entering lobster traps and stealing bait—there is now a growing industry for rock crab fishing. 

Periwinkles (Littorina littorea)

Photo by Dr. Keith Hiscock

Though you may see periwinkle snails across the coast, they are actually a non-native invasive species in Salem Sound, originally found in Western Europe. They feed on a range of algae and are able to hold water inside their shells to survive when the tide is out, though they are more active when submerged. 

Carolina Sea Lavender (Limonium carolinianum)

Photo by Y. Laskaris/USFWS

Sea lavender is a saltmarsh plant that grows up to 2 ft high and is characterized by small, purple flowers. It is a slow-growing marsh plant, so populations can be depleted quickly when harvested. Sea lavender is fairly widespread throughout Massachusetts but could face threats due to climate change.

Mummichog Killifish (Fundulus heteroclitus)

Photo by Will Parson

Commonly referred to as “minnows,” mummichog killifish are small, silvery fish that live in marshes, tidal creeks, and a few yards offshore who often form large schools. Mummichog killifish feed on a range of marine plants, as well as small crustaceans, fish, and carrion. They’re also an important species for salt marsh food chains, as many larger marine species feed on them. 

Atlantic Marsh Fiddler Crab (Minuca pugnax)

Photo by Will Parson

Though fiddler crabs have historically lived south of Cape Cod, their range has expanded further north in New England due to warming waters. These crabs build burrows in the marsh and are named for their distinctively large claw found on male crabs. While fiddler crabs have previously been thought to have a positive effect on marshes by encouraging plant growth, north of Cape Cod, this has not been the case. In fact, one study found that fiddler crabs damage plants’ roots as they’ve not yet adapted to burrowing animals, thus resulting in a drop in grass biomass. 

Eastern Oyster (Crassostrea virginica)

Photo by Scott Rikard

Eastern oysters are bivalve mollusks whose populations have declined due to overharvesting, habitat loss, and changing conditions due to climate change. Massachusetts oysters are closely associated with history and coastal economies, especially as a prized food source, but did you know that oysters provide environmental benefits as well? As a filter-feeder, oysters help to improve water quality and mitigate the effects of climate change. 

Saltmarsh Sparrow (Ammodramus caudacutus)

Photo by Liam Wolff

The saltmarsh sparrow is a ground-nesting bird whose population is endemic to the salt marshes of the Atlantic coast. The saltmarsh sparrow only breeds in salt marshes, and as climate change continues to degrade the state of marsh habitats, the population of these sparrows is increasingly vulnerable to climate threats, including sea-level rise and storm events.